The implementation of cloud computing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4100 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: Cloud Computing Essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION The German Roto group, established in 1935 by the inventor and entrepreneur Wilhelm Frank, comprises two divisions: Window and Door Hardware as well as Roof and Solar Technology. The concern, both divisions together, employs around 4,000 employees worldwide and generates a turnover of 620 million Euro. The division Roto Roof and Solar Technology, which is focused in this report and mentioned Roto, is characterised by 1,200 employees, 3 manufacturing facilities and 20 sales offices in Europe. The headquarters is located in Bad Mergentheim (Germany) and employs about 700 people including approximately 75 sales representatives. Key products and services Rotobelongs to theworlds leadingmanufacturersofroof windows (PVC and timber), accessories and solar systems. Appendix 2 presents the varied product range of Roto which is focused on an innovative portfolio of energy saving, energy recovery and comfort on the pitched roof. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The implementation of cloud computing" essay for you Create order The corporate structure of Roto is concentrated on an ultra-modern manufacturing and future-oriented, lean production control. The affiliated logistics centre provides just-in-time deliveries to the authorised dealers. Organisation and management of the company include the fields of accounting, construction, human resources, IT support, purchasing department, sales and service centres. The integrated modern training centre RotoCampus qualifies Roto partners by theoretical seminars and practical workshops. In addition, the powerful value chain at Roto is complemented by a specifically customer orientation and superior service. For instance, the Roto Dialogue Centre has the main task to offer qualified product advices to private customer by phone and email. On the other hand, the technical service complaints processing for private customer as well as roofing trade professionals. A significant value illustrates the Roto ProfiLiga, an exclusive customer club for efficiency oriented roofer. The participation includes a membership fee and the bonus and benefits system is based on the number of installed Roto products by the member. Business strategy Roto products are marketed on the three-step distribution channel (Business-to-Business) The entity is consistently oriented on the professional partnership with authorised specialised dealers, professionals in the roofing and solar trade such as roofers and carpentries, public housing associations, building promoter as well as architects. In May 2010, Roto has been able to call itself Best Factory in Germany 2010 after winning a major industrial award and the final decision was made by a panel of industry experts as well as trade journalists. Relationship with external partners and facilities In the context of product marketing and training activities, Roto cooperates with a number of roofing associations, master schools and guilds associations. Even in terms of the production-technical and logistics management, the entity collaborates with a variety of suppliers such as the Hein transport company, a regional carrier for national and international logistic systems. QCells and Hilti are involved at the completion of products in the fields of solar technology. In addition, federal and country-specific sponsors provide financing opportunities for solar systems in opposite to private customers. It should also be mentioned that Roto produces the flashing materials for other solar manufacturers. Further business relations in the fields of the roof windows production exist with Saint-Gobain Glass or the profile manufacturer Rehau. In relation to the IT Infrastructure, Roto maintains an internal contact to the other business division in terms of the Siebel CRM system. Further associations exist with the companies RocketMedia as well as Eggheads in the fields of product information management and cross-media publishing. The homepage URL of Roto is: https://www.roto-frank.com Authorisation Hannes Katzschner requested this report on 13 April 2011. Based on an analysis of the existing IT infrastructure at Roto and its significant role within the business processes, the report describes the strategy of cloud computing as a solution for a cost-efficient, flexible and adequate usage of information technology in future. Scope of the report The report consists of the following three scopes: an inventory of the existing Roto IT infrastructure considering of internal and external utilization, the presentation of cloud computing including its benefits, product specific characteristics as well as recommendations for the integration of cloud computing in the future strategic direction of the IT infrastructure at Roto. The analysis is based on provided information by Roto, research findings from online IT materials and expert knowledge of cloud computing, in particular, providers such as IBM. In addition, figures, tables and statistics enhances the IT processes at Roto and illustrate the varied possibilities and applications of cloud computing. 2. THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE DAILY BUSINESS PROCESS 2.1The infrastructure components of information technology at Roto Roto possess a centralized corporate structure. The combination of manufacturing as well as organisation and management results in financial benefits in terms of the production development, market cultivation and commercial exploitation. As a consequence, different specific requirements within the entity suggest various applications in information technologies. For a detailed overview about the Roto infrastructure system, see Appendix 3. The data management relies on the IBM database DB2. This relational database enables Roto to adapt its analysis and required business information to the changing market conditions. The actual technical advantage can be used immediately as an economic advantage. However, the basic requirements for a meaningful and processing use of the data will be generate by the knowledge of the Structured Query Language (SQL), the appropriate database design and its clear documentation. Today, SQL is one of the most frequented data manipulation languages and in connection with a database management system (DBMS) this specialised language is used to add, change, delete, and retrieve the data in the database (Laudon and Laudon 2010, p. 245). Furthermore, this language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications (Laudon and Laudon 2010, p. 245). Important IT infrastructure component: Enterprise Software Applications The SolidWorks 3D-Construction software, which is used by the Roto construction department, supports the planning and creation of products. The CAD functions (computer-aided design) contribute to design detailed product solutions in a quick and inexpensive way. Furthermore, the results are used for component parts lists, installation manuals, technical documentations and planning sheets. The compressed data of the CAD drawings are available on the Roto website and can be downloaded from architects and Roto partners. As a window manufacturer, Roto is using the application of the 3E-Look Window software for capacity planning, production controlling and assembly planning. At the end of the production process, the cost will be determined by a post-calculation. The powerful window software is compatible with all windows-based Enterprise Resource Planning-systems (ERP) and the MS Access as well as MS SQL bases. The SAP (ERP) applications are the most significant IT tools at Roto and affect the cross-departmental business processes sustainably. Appendix 4 illustrates the usage of SAP in selected Roto departments. However, in spite of the efficient process optimisation, the SAP applications include limitations such as possible erroneous data and the accounting control by the workflow takes a long time and requires intensive research on the price verification. Based on the cost intensity and restricted licensing, the access to the SAP system is restricted and a limited number of employees are be able to work with this application. A further common application at Roto is the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) by Siebel. The figure below represents the architecture, systems and interfaces. Siebel Web Client Siebel Server SAP ERP Siebel Mobile Client MS Access Lotus Notes SAP Business Information Warehouse (BW) (Adapted from internal information, Roto 2010 at www.slideshare.net) At a high level, the Siebel architecture consists of Web clients that access the business data, a web server that handles interactions with the Web clients, servers that manage the business data and provide batch and interactive service clients as well as a relational database and file system that store business data (https://www.slideshare.net/MICLADE/05-ess-architecture-presentation, 2008). For the implemented Siebel components at Roto, see Appendix 5. Roto sales representative will be supplied with information about customers, number of sales and revenue figures. On the other side, they are responsible to report all relevant customer data and activities to the Roto management in relation to the view of the market, competition assessment, budget and acquisition planning. Siebel as a customer contact manager supports also the Roto service centres in the daily operating processes. Based on the compatibility with other IT systems, Siebel offers the option to access the MS Access database and associated merge function in MS Word by using the Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC). The data export from Siebel contributes to the preparation and execution of planned marketing campaigns. On the contrary, the technical service uses the CRM system for its customer service management and the documentation of service requests in the system. Finally, in relation to the complaint processing, the integrated knowledge data base is a valuable support. 2.2Further variations of information technology within the Roto organisation The product information management system (PIM) cmi24 as a media-neutral database manages all relevant Roto product data such as images, text and technical specifications. The data will be directly input from existing database systems via export and import routines or automatically from existing set of files such as InDesign. The cmi24 database is mainly used in the marketing department, the PIM system illustrates a central tool of the product management. The implementation of cmi24 and involvement in the realisation of print materials has led to significant cost savings in opposite to external service providers. Lotus Notes contributes to improving and simplifying Roto`s internal work processes. In addition to the available email usage, the calendar function, conference management and integrated database plays an essential role. The marketing department uses the integrated database for the storage and transfer of enormous printing and image data. 3. CLOUD COMPUTING ADEQUATE AND COST-EFFICIENT INFORMATION SERVICE 3.1 Definition and service tools Roto has a multifaceted IT infrastructure and in relation to accomplish more data storage capacity, the management of extensive customer data as well as the acquisition of further upgrades often lead to cost-intensive and time-consuming challenges. In regard to an optimal solution, effective and efficient IT processes combined with appropriate automation of deployment and services are necessary. Cloud computing as a strategic IT concept opens Roto new methods to master the requirements of reducing operating costs and improve service quality. Cloud computing means the flexible, customised, cost-efficient and customer-oriented usage of IT services from the cloud. The term cloud computing gets its name as a metaphor for the Internet (Velte et al. 2010, p. 3). In essence, cloud computing is a construct that allows you to access applications that actually reside at a location other than your computer or other Internet-connected device; most often, this will be a distant datacenter (Velte et al. 2010, p. 4). Cloud computing are integrated, scalable applications for business processes and encompasses on-demand infrastructure (computers, storage, networks) and on-demand software (operating systems, applications, middleware, management and development tools). The on-demand infrastructure and its technical basis components Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Web 2.0 capabilities Social Networking Cloud-based software development Cloud-based service hubs that provide such as billing, administration and other complementary services SaaS is a software distribution which must be able to interact with other data and other applications in an equally wide variety of environments and platforms (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 50). Two other web service tools should not remain unmentioned: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (Iaas) and Platform-as-a Service (PaaS). IaaS leverages significant technology, services, and data center investments to deliver IT as a service to customers (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 34). In contrast, IaaS is centered around a model of service delivery that provisions a predefined, standardized infrastructure specifically optimized for the customer`s applications (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 34). In addition, IaaS providers manage the transition and hosting of selected applications on their infrastructure (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 34). On the other hand, the PaaS model makes all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web applications and services entirely available from the Internet, all with no software downloads or installation for developers, IT managers, or end users (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 48). Furthermore, PaaSofferings include workflow facilities for application design, application development, testing, deployment, and hosting, as well as application services such as virtual offices, team collaboration, database integration, security, scalability, storage, persistence, state management, dashboard instruments etc. (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2010, p. 49). Appendix 6 demonstrates that, in particular, Hardware capacity (processing power and storage space), email and business applications are mainly outsourced to the cloud. 3.2 Benefits and cloud variants As a fundamental strategic IT concept, cloud computing would open Roto new perspectives to accept upcoming challenges. Strategies for successful business development can be implemented by the integration and linking of different provided models. Roto benefits from a high scalable pool of resources and can expand the limitations of their own virtual data centre. In addition, the system provides many available services such as applications, development, testing and storage services via social network and Web conferencing by an external backup service. Cloud computing will help Roto to answer the question in relation to the own capacities in its IT. Furthermore, Roto`s investment in new hardware and software can be reduced while the capacity of the system will increase. Services from the cloud offer the IT at Roto and individual users much more freedom to conduct a business as well as applications and providers. Finally, cloud computing accelerates the implementation of new business models and business processes such as mergers and acquisitions. Clouds can be classified in three different types: Public cloud Private cloud Hybrid cloud Cloud computing services are made available to the general public on payment demand. The access takes place by the Internet. Several companies use the services of the cloud provider on a common platform. Is used when the cloud infrastructure company want to deploy by themselves inside their company firewall and company perform the management of in-house cloud by itself. The access is limited to a defined group of users within the company. An enterprise can keep their critical, confidential data, information and applications within their firewall, while hosting the non critical information ones on a public cloud. (Adapted from Aslam et al. 2010, p. 400) 3.3 Providers of cloud services The cloud computing technology has the task of helping companies to optimise and manage dynamically their IT infrastructure. Appendix 7, basedon astudyby U.S. market research enterpriseBTCLogic, shows the Top10 cloud computing providers of 2011. As a result, Amazon and IBM are characterised as the leading providers of cloud computing. The figure below shows the relationship between users and providers of cloud computing. It is focused on cloud computing effects on cloud providers and SaaS privders/cloud users. Appendix 8 presents the benefits and disadvantages of the main cloud computing providers. 3.4 The costs of cloud computing Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is one of the most important market segments for cloud computing. Thus, Roto has the opportunity to purchase the required infrastructure resources such as computing power in the form of virtual servers and storage in a short-term. The company would pay only for the resources (usually per hour or gigabytes) which actually used within a period of time. A direct comparison with different cloud services is quite difficult. In addition, relevant price criteria in terms of computing, license, memory and storage are required to calculate the financial effort in detail. Every IT leader will be familiar with these essential information which also include technical background and IT specific knowledge. However, the following table shows where CIOs underestimate costs: Cloud Computing Enterprise Computing Bandwidth requirements for remote access to applications Opportunities lost through commitment of capital Monitoring (may require custom development) Risk of being overtaken by cloud start-ups with lower overhead Integration with legacy systems Operating and capital expenditures Migrating applications Investments in failed deployments Ensuring capacity in a shared model Software upgrades, testing and rollout Hardware upgrades, replacing servers System administration Storage, backup, disaster recovery (Adapted from Carr, DF 2011, p. 20) In addition, Appendix 9 shows an example of a cost comparison between the two IaaS providers IBM and Amazon and is focused on the cost and type of the virtual server. 3.5 Data protection and data security Many decision-makers recognize security concerns as a main reason if they are sceptical of cloud computing. Furthermore, a Global Risk Survey conducted by IBMs institute for Business Value found that cloud computing raised serious concerns about the access to and use and control of data: 77% of respondents believe that adopting cloud computing makes protecting privacy more difficult; 50% are concerned about a data breach or loss; and 23% worry about a weakening of corporate network security (IBM 2010). Risks which were previously in the user`s own sphere of influence are shifting by working with an external service provider. Thus, security combined with cloud computing possesses a high relevancy and an important decision criterion. IBM offers its customers a cloud security strategy such as safety function or security tools which includes also measures for the public cloud services. The company aims to help both users and providers of cloud computing more easily navigate security challenges through new cloud security planning and assessment services, managed services tohelp clients secure their clouds, and the introduction of several technology innovations from its global research labs (IBM 2010, p. 5). 4. RECOMMENDATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING ADAPTION Before the adaption of cloud computing can be realised, it is important to identify the own benefits and costs of each approach. At the same time, the question should be asked what cost advantages resulting from the integration of existing systems in a cloud. 4.1 Analysis of the usageand planned measures within the IT infrastructure Based on the available IT infrastructure and business strategy of Roto for the coming years, it is significant to define the objectives, necessary capacities and measures. The strategic planning should consider an analysis of the financial investment, time-consuming expenses and additional personnel resources which were previously required for new applications, updates or changes in existing systems. The analysis must include the deficits at present, for instance, how often the DB2 database has been extended for additional storage capacity due to increasing the amounts of data or how often the function of the server was significantly limited by the transfer of large amounts of data. In addition, it should be questioned which planned updates in the Siebel CRM system could not be implemented due to limited financial resources. Finally, the capacity in system administration and expenditure on external IT service providers must also be considered. The analysis should also include the unforeseen financial measures needed to be made, which planned IT measures are not or only limited realised yet and which investments in IT infrastructure are provided in the following five-year business strategy. For instance, an email interface in Siebel has not been realised yet because the standard interfaces of the CRM system are concentrated to Microsoft Outlook instead of Lotus Notes. Another example is the missing interface between Siebel and SAP for the exchange of customer data and product data. There is no doubt that limited server capacities as well as the usage of SAP and Siebel illustrate a significant cost factor within the IT budget. These applications in combination with new service tools are the basis for a well-structured and effectively operating cloud. Based on the previous described IT infrastructure it can be seen that Roto uses a number of applications which could be covered with an appropriate IBM cloud package. The cloud provider supports the development of an appropriate strategy by a component analysis (based on the current in the Roto IT infrastructure determined values), makes recommendations in relation to the right cloud type and illustrates best practice methods which were used successfully in other companies. In addition, an important key element for the functional design of a cloud strategy is to select the optimal IT deployment models for various IT services, the degree of standardisation of business processes, applications and infrastructure. IBM as a cloud provider supplies an appropriate support to establish a service-oriented infrastructure with a service-based management which offer transparency, control and automation. 4.2 Adaption of cloud computingsupports Roto and business partners In relation to a well-structured cloud it is important to clarify which IT tools will be used by the business partners and how an adaption could be made. For example, Roto uses the server access (FTP) of print companies and publicity agencies to exchange extensive print data. In addition, the material purchase orders to suppliers will be partly conducted by SAP. In spite of existing different systems, for example, a private cloud would help Roto and its business partners to exchange relevant data and services, which are required to complete the business activities, on an efficient and safe way. Both sides profit by a reduction of the personnel costs for configuration, a significant lowering of licence expenses, a fast data transfer and a professional management infrastructure. IBM offers a private cloud, which also includes all the characteristics of the public cloud and, in addition, the security of the corporate firewall. In comparison to capital and licensing costs in the past, significant savings can be achieved. Independently, the structured cloud services lead to a reduction of software defects which are often caused by incorrect configurations and inadequate modelling. 4.3 Competitive advantages by cloud computing In relation to the question of a successful IT-based business strategy and the required tools, it is recommended to consider information about the IT infrastructure of the direct competitor (Velux). Although the individual components are not accessible to the public, the distribution channel customer, suppliers and cooperation can be used to obtain the desired information. In cooperation with Brosig online team, the competitor has developed a Germany-wide Internet ordering system for a business-to-business application. This project is already under discussion at Roto but due to the additional costs and resources capacity it was not realised so far. The establishment of ecommerce and the direct merchandising of Roto accessories products via the Internet might be considered in the adaption of cloud computing. Goodburn and Hill (2010, p. 35) add that: Cloud is bringing about transformational change in value chains, enabling companies to respond much more effectively to customer demand. With the combination of SaaS and the cloud platform GROUP Live the provider IBM offers especially in opposite to medium-sized enterprises the opportunity to benefit from the trade by ecommerce. The consideration of highest security standards does not only result in a competitive advantage in the dynamic markets but rather a large number of customers will be guaranteed by a maximal reliability and scalability. Finally, an implementation of the required software by the cloud and the involvement of business partners such as builder`s merchants benefits the acquisition of new customers. 5. CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Summary of findings The report has analysed that IT organisations are increasingly confronted with new economic challenges. In addition, the IT infrastructure burdens the annual IT budget with costs more than 80 per cent. At present, the reduction of operating costs, capital expenditures and risks is combined with an improvement of service quality and growth of further innovations. The analysis of the existing IT infrastructure and used IT components at Roto have illustrated that ideal conditions exist for the implementation of cloud computing. In addition, most of the described problems in the report, which are caused by cost and capacity-related aspects, can be solved with services from the cloud. The report presents that IBM is the only one provider in Germany whereby a genuine public cloud service can be found and the receipt of infrastructure resources are uncomplicated, flexible and available on demand. The research has shown that IBM and Roto have similarities in relation to the common usage of t he database DB2, Siebel, SAP and Lotus Notes. Furthermore, the provider guarantees an implementation of the cloud computing solution within a short-term. High security measures and a cloud computing centre in Germany are further aspects which argue for IBM as a suitable partner of Roto. In comparison to the competition such as Amazon, IBM is not a low price cloud provider but reliability and perfect scores within the international ranking are positive indicators for this IT specialist. In cooperation with other business partners, for instance, the private cloud illustrates the perfect entry into the cloud system. 5.2 Limitations of the report This report has been prepared to highlight resources as well as technical capabilities to improve the cost transparency and service quality in the IT infrastructure of Roto by investing in cloud computing. Keine Preisauskunft von IBM gegenber Privatpersonen Exakte Preiskalkulation erfordert das detaillierte Wissen der IT Spezialisten IT Infrastruktur des direkten Wettbewerbs nicht ermittelbar Zeitaufwand zur Implementierung nicht ermittelbar Based on the IBM sales strategy business-to-business, details about costs for IBM cloud strategies cannot be ascertained by private consumer.

Audit Doctrine of Privity and Case Study - 2437 Words

Doctrine of Privity Doctrine of privity of a contract dictates that only parties to a contract will have rights or obligations arising under a contract to hinder the imposition of burdens on and the granting of contractually enforceable rights to third parties. The doctrine constitutes a barrier to freedom of contract that can frustrate the intention of the parties by not allowing them to confer mutually advantageous benefits on third parties, or lead to negative outcomes such as unjust enrichment and the prevention of third parties from justifiably vindicating their rights under the main contract. Therefore, exceptions and alternatives remedies have emerged to overcome situations where the doctrine would lead to an unfair or†¦show more content†¦An invitation to treat may be seen as a request for expressions of interest as per the case of Fisher v Bell (1961). a) As to her legal relationship / obligations to Ben The first scenario states that Ann an antique coin dealer displayed gold plated 1839 five pounds (299g) 86X7 mm coin along with a description for offer at  £350’. Ben noticed the offer as he walked past the shop and wanted to buy it. Unfortunately he was running out of time as he has to attend a meeting. After his meeting, he went back to Ann’s shop to ask further questions about the coin. Ben told Ann that he would give a definite answer by Monday. Later that same day, he wrote a letter agreeing to buy the coin at the stated price of  £350. On Monday morning, Ann received Ben’s letter before Daisy arrive to make her payments. By virtue of Ann putting the coin on display for sale is merely an invitation to treat as per the case of Fisher v. Bell, whereby the display of a flick knife in a shop is the same. as it was held in the case that by displaying a product is nothing more than an invitation to treat and it is up to the ‘would-be purchaser’ to pick up the goods, in this case is the coin and bring it to the cashier to make an offer as per the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemist. Hereby, it is a humble opinion that on the facts within the first paragraph, there was no offer made in that instant.Show MoreRelatedSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 Pagesterms of: (1) obtaining and evaluating evidence about assertions management makes about economic actions and events, (2) ascertaining the degree of correspondence between the assertions and the appropriate reporting framework, and (3) providing an audit report (opinion). 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Symbolism In Cather And The Rye Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Symbols of backstop and The Rye In the book Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger, there are many symbols. A symbol is something that represents something else by association or resemblance. An illustration of a symbol that was reoccurring throughout the book is the runing cap. This is a symbol for seeking. Holden, the chief character in the book, buys a hunting cap. This is a symbol for runing for Holden # 8220 ; runing # 8221 ; for a significance in his life. Holden ever knocking about how everyone is bogus and he neer truly pays attending to his life. When he buys the hunting cap, it is as if he is seeking for the intent in his life. Besides him have oning the chapeau backward is like when a backstop wears his helmet backwards and Holden wants to be a # 8220 ; backstop in the rye. # 8221 ; The 2nd illustration of a symbol is the ducks. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism In Cather And The Rye Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J.D Salinger refers to the ducks though out the narrative. Holden is ever look intoing for where the ducks went. The ducks are a symbol for Holden # 8217 ; s life. Whenever the ducks leave and move on Holden does the same thing. There is an indirect connexion between the ducks and Holden # 8217 ; s life. The carrousel could besides be an illustration of a symbol. When his younger sister Phoebe is siting the auto ousel Holden wants to halt her from seeking to catch a aureate ring in the top because he is afraid she is traveling to fall. Then he stops himself because he realizes that people have to larn from their errors so they neer do it once more. Another manner the carrousel is a symbol is that it symbolizes Holden’s life because the carrousel goes about and about and it is like the ceaseless rhythm of life. The Equus caballuss move up and down and that would typify the ups and downs or good times and bad times in life. The foils are besides a good illustration of symbolism. When Holden left the foils on the metro, it shows that Holden is irresponsible. It besides showed that he has no defence or protection in life. The foils are arms and are used for protection and now that they are lost it symbolizes how Holden has to support him self all entirely and there is no 1 to assist him. The concluding illustration of a symbol in Catcher in the Rye is the baseball hand. It symbolizes Holden # 8217 ; s feelings toward Allie. When he wrote the essay for Stradlater, he wrote about how much he loves/ misses his brother. There are many symbols in the book Catcher in the Rye. Many of them had to make with Holden # 8217 ; s life and the manner he feels. The symbols were stated up above.

Truman Capote Essay Example

Truman Capote Essay Capotes biographer, Gerald Clarke, has suggested that In Perry [Smith] [Truman] recognised his shadow, his dark side, the embodiment of his own accumulated angers and hurts. Given Capotes strong sense of identification with his primary subject, discuss the extent to which the character of Perry Smith can be seen as sympathetically portrayed in Capotes novel. Evaluate the appropriateness of any such depiction given Smiths status as a multiple killer. Smith, an aggressive and somewhat mentally perturbed individual, much like his father, had been incarcerated in 1956 for jailbreak, car theft and grand larceny, in the state of Kansas, and was sentenced to a minimum of five to ten years. In the state penitentiary was where he first met Richard Hickock. In prison together they schemed to raid Herbert Clutters household for a safe which Hickock had been informed by Floyd Wells (another Kansas State Penitentiary inmate) contained a large sum of money believed to be no less than ten thousand dollars. Wells, who had worked for Clutter, had been adamant that the farmer kept a substantial measure of money in his southwestern Kansas farm home. We will write a custom essay sample on Truman Capote specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Truman Capote specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Truman Capote specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Smith became eligible for parole in 1959 he visited his father in Reno, Nevada, and planned to go with Tex, his father, away to Alaska. However once again like many times before the two fell out and Smith left. He spent four weeks in Las Vegas until getting in contact with Hickock once again upon his release and duly left for Kansas City on November eleventh in order to map out exactly what needed to be done in the robbery. Throughout the course of the novel despite being a Cold Blooded murderer Truman Capotes portrayal of Smith is a perhaps strangely sympathetic one and often refers to him as having had very little opportunities in life and everything that could have gone wrong for him quite simply always does. Some critics of the book speculated that Capote, a publicly announced homosexual and a creation of a very distressing childhood, identified somewhat with Smiths traumatizing and mentally challenging childhood and grew close to him through a mutual understanding the two shared through this. Certainly there is evidence to suggest that in the five years Smith was on death row Capote and him grew close in a somewhat estranged relationship. George Plimpton, an author and editor, in Truman Capote, quoted Harold Nye, Kansas Bureau of Investigation agent, as unequivocally stating they had become lovers in the penitentiary, despite a distinct lack of substantial evidence of the events he said that they spent a lot of time up there in the cell, he spent a considerable amount of money bribing the guard to go around the corner , fuelling the fire of this statement Capote was unable to watch Smith be hanged after Hickock, even departing from the building overcome with grief. Already it would appear that perhaps the sympathy that Capote attributed to Smith through his novel was for that of someone he not only related to in sense of misgivings throughout his life, through a sense of being hard done by at every turn with the world against them, but conceivably because of a relationship developed through such misgivings and empathetic feelings that Capote developed towards Smith due to totally understanding his situation and perhaps feeling that in another life he could well have been in his very same position had events gone differently. From the very start of the novel when we first meet Perry Smith he forms the central character of the book. Capote is most interested in the trajectory of Smiths life toward the final, fatal deed, in which he murders the entire clutter family with Hickock, and the people, events, and conditions that shape his course. The problem of whether Smith is condemned from the beginning, or whether perhaps, as Willie Jay ,the chaplains clerk, believed, there was something savable about him, is answered by Capote through his inclusion of letters and sketches written by Smith and others who knew him, who confirm his vicious, off the wall, temper and his yet his dormant sensitivity. Capote purposefully makes clear that Smith is, as Helen Garson illustrated in her book Truman Capote, a strange, psychopathic mixture of vicious killer and compassionate protector which in itself presents a total contrast in emotions, actions and personalities. The idea that Smith is this cold blooded killer but at the same has a very compassionate side is portrayed with rigid regularity by capote with examples being when he placed a pillow under Kenyons (the Clutter boy) head, after performing the ultimate sin, a mattress box under Herb Clutters body, and even somewhat audaciously tucked Bonnie and Nancy Clutter into their beds after tying them. In addition in the book Garson also says how Capote, as narrator, concurs with the observation of psychiatrists he quotes that Smith, in the murder of Herb Clutter, was most likely exacting retribution on a key figure in some past traumatic configuration., even Perry Smith confesses, Maybe its just that the Clutters were the unlucky soles who had to pay for it, the proverbial it in this case being the life that Smith had to endure. Smiths desire for revenge against his abusers is rendered not only understandable but acceptable. In wiping out the Clutters, Smith is extinguishing not only the image and reality of all that he was denied, but the most respectable figures in an emblematically close-knit, vindictive community. Hickock and Smith originally went to prison for petty theft, an unfortunate circumstance that affected in entirety the rest of their lives. The degree of Smith and Hickocks indifference is seen when Hickock turns sharply to hit a dog, instead of simply pass it by, and when Smith explains that he thought Herb Clutter was a very decent, nice man, right up until the moment I cut his throat. Hickock does in fact improve his petty criminal behavior, developing a talent for passing bad checks, bedding married women, and passing in the world of decent humanity, while Smith develops an inconsistent aversion to drinking, indiscriminate sex, and unnecessary theft, although he is gripped with a desire to travel that prevents his commitment to anything that might resemble home or family. Once they had fallen off the generic, automated mechanism of upward mobility toward the american dream, the barriers to re-entry were too high to scale again, and, Capote implies, not interesting to Smith and Hickock. In this Capote is somewhat giving the American society and culture a bashing and using it as a scapegoat for crimes that many would have seen unforgivable. The American dream says anyone can be anything they desire, but all too often it is the ones that fall by the wayside that are more accountable than ones that reach prosperity. In the novel Capote includes letters written by Smiths family, the psychiatrist and befriended chaplains clerk, Willie Jay, which detail Smiths entire life and mental state. Smith is seen from these as a human with genuine intelligence and having a real sense of empathy and social integrity; however over time it has been warped into something quite undistinguishable through his traumatic life. As far as his family life went his mother died of alcoholism at a young age after choking on her sick, his brother and sister later committed suicide and another one of smiths sisters disowned him, never to want contact again (even when news of his execution reaches him she shows no real compassion) . Smith never got a formal education due to moving house regularly with his father, despite this he taught himself to play the guitar and to paint. He often read to increase his vocabulary and was very keen on making something of himself as a young man. During his youth he reads constantly and, being a bit of a prude, avoids vulgar literature and materials. In prison, he paints a portrait of Jesus for the prison chaplain, which leads Reverend Post to believe that Smith cannot be all that bad. Capotes recounting of Smiths childhood and family life begs the question whether Smiths crimes stem from inherent criminal tendencies, or whether he is pushed onto that path through circumstances beyond his control and with this he wants the reader to sympathise with Smith, showing that perhaps if the young man had been afforded the time, and upbringing he deserved then he could have been something very important to the world. This is all put to shame by the fact that murder cannot be forgiven, ho wever, in the circumstances of which Capote paints Smiths upbringing it becomes ever more clear and easier to understand why exactly it is he feels such sympathy for the man and why he paints him in such a positive light. In the novel moments before his death Smith turns to the warden and repents, It would be meaningless to apologize for what I did. Even inappropriate. But I do. I apologize. This is a clear indication perhaps of the man having a conscience, although we see rare glimpses of it thorough I think Capote put this in to leave the final feeling before the execution of his favorite character as one of sympathy on the level that he himself felt towards Smith. The idea that a hardened criminal would apologise and repent is somewhat unlikely and as a result the inclusion of such an act presents Perry Smith not in the light of a criminal but in virginal innocence (at one extreme) as it would seem to onlookers who knew his whole story (like Capote) that he, despite everything he went through, did in fact feel guilt for his actions and perhaps had given up on life too early. To reiterate, Capote argues, none too subtly, that Smith had considerable potential for a productive life had he not been abused and cast out throughout his life. In noting his sympathies for Smith, it is clear that Capote identifies and empathizes with Smith personally. But Capotes questioning of the relevance and righteousness of small-town values and priorities could be his own angry criticism of the world he himself inhabited: a false meritocracy in which his talents were inadequate unless accompanied by a biting, unrelenting charm. Capote depicts the hypocrisy of Smith and Hickocks trial and execution with similar precision; murder by an individual was illegitimate, but murder by the state was an accepted, even necessary means of satisfying a sense of reckoning and restoring order. The book is at the end of the day a criticism of societys handling of its children and its unwillingness to forgive those outside the boundaries of acceptable definition. Capotes portrayal of Smith as the victim of a self-righteous society reveals his own rejection of conformity and his identification with the antagonist anti-hero. Smiths chief fault, Capote believes, is not being a criminal, but attempting to transform the course set by childhood trauma and familial abuse and resist the depiction of himself by others. If Smith is not mentally ill, Capote believes that he has undeveloped violent tendencies, like everyone, which were fed a steady diet by a history of humiliating experiences. Capotes indifference to the sedate, predictable life of the Clutters supports his sympathetic portrayal of Smith. He does not valorise Smith or glorify the Clutters, but he endorses Smiths attempts to escape the stock characterization of problem child, juvenile delinquent, and finally, career crim inal. He does not similarly endorse the Clutters existence: Herb Clutter is a two-dimensional Everyman, icon of the American dream and the Puritan work ethic. To conclude, Capotes identification with Smith exists on several levels. He empathises with Smiths desire to escape his broken family history, to leave behind his horrific roots, and to enter and be accepted in a different social sphere. Capote, like Smith, came from a broken home, had no mother, and longed for celebrity status, or at least to be known. He did not complete his education, barely finishing high school, while Smith left school after the third grade. At the end of his life, Capote had been inducted into the world of fame and high society, but it was a false world of celebrities in which he was only a trophy, fashionable but marginal, and he was ultimately expelled from it for gossiping about them in print. In a sense, his celebrity seemed to make him even more sympathetic to the killers: why should he, also the product of a broken home, an outcast, without a complete formal education, run in such inflated circles while Smith did not? To say that it is inappropriate to sy mpathise with such a person, being a multiple killer though he is, is in the case somewhat understandable. Capote tries to engross the reader into a world far from that which most will have been a part of, but yet a world that exists perhaps almost behind closed doors. He led a hard life, not too dissimilar to Smith and yet he flourished, it shows that one choice or one circumstance can change who we are at any stage, and I think, like I said early, in another life Capote sees himself as being Perry Smith, so he feels empathy towards the man who he construes as potentially himself in a parallel existence.

Curiosity Kits Neon and Magic Powerballs Review

Curiosity Kits' Neon and Magic Powerballs Review Curiosity Kits offers a science kit called Neon and Glow Magic Powerballs. The kit, for ages 6, lets you create your own polymer bouncy balls. What You Get and What You Need Most of what you need to make powerballs comes with the kit. You get: 4 molds to make different shapes of balls20 packs of crystals in 7 neon and glow-in-the-dark colorsresealable plastic bags so you can store your ballsinstructions You need to supply: cup of waterscissors to open the packageswatch or timerfoil or plastic wrap My Experience Making Magic Powerballs My kids and I made powerballs. They are ages 9-14, so none was as young as the lower limit listed on the product, but I dont think a younger child would have any difficulty with this project. Children younger than age 6 might have trouble pouring the crystals into the mold to make a ball or might be tempted to eat the crystals. The instructions for this kit are very clear and include pictures, so its very easy to get great results. Basically, here is what you do: Snap together the molds.Pour crystals (one or many colors, be creative!) into a mold until it is full.Immerse the filled mold in a cup of water for 90 seconds. (We just counted to 90.)Remove the mold from water and allow it to sit on the counter for 3 minutes (time didnt seem to be critical), then remove it from the mold and set it on a piece of foil or plastic wrap.When the ball is set or not-sticky, bounce it and play with it.Store each ball in its own plastic bag (included). Pretty easy, right? It didnt seem to matter if you left the ball in the mold longer than 3 minutes, but you do not want to leave the filled mold in the water longer than 90 seconds. If you leave the ball in the water too long the crystals will swell up and split the mold open. The mold will be fine, but you will get a seriously mutated ball. The balls bounce really high. If they get dirty, you can just rinse them off with water. The package said you could make 20 balls using the materials, but we actually got 23 balls out of the package. What I Liked and Didnt Like About Magic Powerballs What I Liked Easy enough even a child can make them.The project is quick. I would say you could go from opening the package to having a ball within 10 minutes.You dont need any strange materials. Get a glass of water and youre set.The project is very safe. Its safe to touch the materials. The balls are non-toxic.Clean-up was simple. Just wipe down your work surface with a damp sponge when you are done.The balls are exactly as described. They really do bounce up to 15 feet. They really are bright neon colors. Most of the colors glow very brightly under a black light. Some of the colors glow in the dark (green for sure, possibly pink). What I Didnt Like This is one of the best science activity kits Ive come across, so there isnt a lot I would improve. However, I wish the instructions had included some explanation of the chemistry behind making the powerballs. It also might be nice if the crystals came in resealable bags so that you didnt need scissors and so you could store materials in case you dont make all the balls at one time. Magic Powerballs Summary Would I buy this kit again? Definitely! This would be an affordable and fun party activity for kids. It is an enjoyable family science activity. Do my kids want to do this activity again? Yes. The balls do not last forever (instructions said they were good for about 20 days), so this is a project that can be repeated.

APA Referencing †How to Cite a Website (Proofed)

APA Referencing – How to Cite a Website (Proofed) APA Referencing – How to Cite a Website These days, with the World Wide Web at our fingertips, many students don’t even know what a book looks like. OK, that’s not true. It would be pretty difficult to be at college without going to the library at least occasionally. Why is it all papery? Can I adjust the brightness? The point we’re trying to make is that the internet is an increasingly valuable tool for research when writing a college paper, so knowing how to cite a website correctly is vital. In this post, we take you through the basics of citing a website using APA referencing. In-Text Citations Parenthetical citations for a website are the same as for any other source, requiring you to give the author’s surname and year of publication: APA referencing has specific rules for citing a website (Lee, 2010). Make sure to look carefully, as often the name of the author or date of publication can be tucked away somewhere. If, however, you cannot find the details required, there are alternatives. If you can’t find the name of the author, you can use a shortened version of the article title instead: The tutorial is designed for complete newcomers to APA style conventions (â€Å"The Basics of APA Style,† 2016). If you can’t find the date, you can use â€Å"n.d.† to indicate this: Proofreading helps you achieve the grade you deserve (ProofreadMyPaper, n.d.). Reference List As with any source, you should add any websites cited in your work to the reference list. The basic format for this in APA referencing is: Author (year and date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from URL The â€Å"format description† part is only required if you’re citing a specific kind of document or site, such as a blog post or an online slideshow. For instance, the blog post cited in the first example above would appear in the reference list as: Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA style [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html?_ga=1.106662403.1685488010.1435410218 When information is missing regarding the author or date of publication, use the same conventions as described above for citations. For instance, a page with no named author would appear as: The basics of APA style (2016). Retrieved from apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx. A page with no date of publication, meanwhile, would simply use â€Å"n.d.†: ProofreadMyPaper (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from https://getproofed.com/services/academic-proofreading

Good Citizenship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Good Citizenship - Research Paper Example Organizations such as Nike Inc. continue to demonstrate how corporations are the classics of the good citizenship test in their pursuit of financial gain. Since 1971, the organization has developed from a US-based distributor of footwear to the globe’s most preeminent marketer of athletic apparel, equipment, and footwear. This has come with massive financial gains, for instance, in the 2007 financial year, Nike earned $16.3 billion, which was an increase of $1.3 billion from 2006. Some prominent components instrumental in this growth include the company’s strategy to outsource manufacture to low-cost countries such as China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Nike does not own any factory which produces its items. The second factor of Nike’s success is its extensive public relations strategy, which entails sponsoring renowned athletes such as Lance Armstrong, Tiger Woods and Michel Jordan. However, Nike has been surrounded by controversy with anti-globalization activists ac cusing it of exploiting sweatshop conditions as well as child labor in factories that manufacture its products in order to enhance its financial gain (Carty, 2002). Sweatshops are essentially workplaces, which violate laws and where workers are subjected to poor working conditions, extreme exploitation, arbitrary discipline, and fear.The issue of sweatshops raises controversies, for instance: Should organizations manufacture its products in sweatshops because of the benefit of lower labor costs, which enhance financial gain?... in the organization to deter the principal-agent problem, also focuses on the effect of corporate governance systems on economic efficiency, laying strong emphasis on the welfare of shareholders (Goodwin, 2000). There has been new interest in the practices of corporate governance by modern corporations since 2001, especially following high-profile collapses of massive US firms such as WorldCom and Enron Corporation. As a consequence, the US federal government established the Sarbanes-Oxley Act aimed at restoring public confidence in the area of corporate governance. Organizations such as Nike Inc. continue to demonstrate how corporations are the classics of the good citizenship test in their pursuit of financial gain. Since 1971, the organization has developed from a US-based distributor of footwear to the globe’s most preeminent marketer of athletic apparel, equipment and footwear (Sytse & Schreuder, 2013). This has come with massive financial gains, for instance, in the 2007 financial year, Nike earned $16.3 billion, which was an increase of $1.3 billion from 2006. Some prominent components instrumental in this growth include the company’s strategy to outsource manufacture to low cost countries such as China, Indonesia and Vietnam. Nike does not own any factory which produces its items. The second factor of Nike’s success is its extensive public relations strategy, which entails sponsoring renowned athletes such as Lance Armstrong, Tiger Woods and Michel Jordan. However, Nike has been surrounded by controversy with anti-globalization activists accusing it of exploiting sweatshop conditions as well as child labor in factories that manufacture its products in order to enhance its financial gain (Carty, 2002). Sweatshops are essentially workplaces, which violate

Annonated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Annonated Bibliography - Essay Example The conclusive issues stated in the articles chosen below are not dependent on personal feelings or prejudice. The articles contain knowledge that has been presented after critical examination of the available facts with no potential for discrepancies. It is quite obvious that the knowledge contained therein exists independently. The articles were chosen specifically due to the fact that they contain knowledge that is factual just like any objective knowledge. The information is quite independent that even after being researched from various authors, the deduction is independent on any prejudice or personal feelings. It is a reality that cancer exists and is caused by all the causes stated in the documents. The palliative care for patients suffering from the various types of cancer is quite explicit and almost similar. Almost all the authors have the same ideas about cancer as a family health concern and its significance to the nursing profession. The first article is authored by the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario who state that environmental pollution can lead to cancer giving an excellent reason why they believe so (RNAO 2008). Echoing these sentiments is the Center for Disease Control; they also go further giving explicit explanations and evidences on the same (CDC 2012). These among the many articles utilized in this research fulfill the characteristics of objective articles on cancer. Nursing has been viewed as more of a female suited kind of profession, a good reason why it is dominated by females. According to Converse (2010), feminism has both negative and positive effects in nursing. Apparently, this profession being a potent and easy target for feminist attacks, it became quite ambivalent with the group. This led to a few changes in the profession. The author looks at feminism in terms of power which serves as an easy source of information. A good example stated by the author is on the

Hard Times Essay Example for Free

Hard Times Essay Dickens presents his criticism of the education for the labouring class in a sarcastic manner. He has created the classroom as a factory. The purpose of the education in Coketown is to root out the innocence and imagination of young children so they will grow into utilitarian robots expecting nothing more than the drudgery of industrial life. Dickens uses specific methods to put his point across of bad education by using negative views. This is done with exaggeration because he wants the reader to think the same as what he thinks so it seems like education was extreme and intense. In Hard Times, the teachers fulfil the excessive teaching skills as they just want the little vessels to be filled with facts. Dickens also presents a contrast between two children to show how differently each child gets treated because of their background or their attitude towards things other than facts. Another method that he uses is making the characters stand out through their names to symbolise their personality. Throughout chapters 1-3, Dickens emphasises on the word facts because he wants to continuously present and criticise the education for the labouring class. Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life This is the opening sentence of the novel and straight away you have a vague idea of the extremism of teaching. Also the word fact is in capital letters and this signifies the importance of learning nothing but facts. The introduction of the teacher has a lot of exaggeration at hand. Thomas Gradgrind is a middle-class, self-made man. A man of realities a man of facts and calculations. Dickens has made this character a very hard and cold teacher who knows what he wants from the students. He seemed a kind of cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts Dickens uses military imagery to show how the teacher wants to get rid of childhood imagination. He seemed a galvanising apparatus, too, charged with a grim mechanical substitute for the tender young imaginations that were to be stormed away. Dickens has described this as some sort of physics experiment because galvanising is the process named after Galvan in the stimulation of animal tissue by electric currents. But in this case it is the young children that are being stimulated with factual currents. Dickens has made the teacher to be very hard-hearted and cruel and this is to present his criticism on the education for the labouring class because he evidently disagrees with this concept of teaching and he wants the readers to feel the same way by using the different language techniques and this is mostly done through exaggeration.

Reaching Beyond Pen and Paper :: Essays Papers

Reaching Beyond Pen and Paper Learning in school is always a given. When students are taught a subject they are eventually tested on the information learned. Most teachers use tests, handouts or papers as methods of evaluating how much a student has learned in their course. With the development of technology and the increasing amount of internet access that most classrooms have, teachers are now thinking outside the box and coming up with new ways to assess their students. Creating web pages and using online tools such as Blackboard are some of the ways teachers can have students present information they have learned. These methods are being used more often as technology grows. Though these alternative ways of assessments seem to benefit teachers, they benefit students as well. Allowing students to be more creative when completing assignments ensures their enjoyment and likelihood to do better. In 1994 Duke University’s Department of Biochemical Engineering initiated its first use of infrared (IR) networking. The classroom became completely wireless without a physical alteration to the room. Each student had to purchase a PowerBook to be able to participate in the classroom discussions and projects. The professor also had a PowerBook with a program called Timbuktu installed on it, which allowed him to access any students computer screen and project the information seen onto a screen that the whole class could see. The program also allowed the teacher complete control of the students keyboard and trackball. Through use of the IR network, the class could work on group projects more easily because they would be working though one computer. The system opened more opportunities for students to learn information effectively. For example, if a student had a problem or question about the information being learned in the class, they would simply raise their hand, the teacher would select the name from a menu bar, and instantly the whole class would see the student’s computer screen projected on the big screen. With the whole class being able to see the problem or question an individual had, they could all collaboratively help or learn from the problem. The teacher could address the question to the class and the students could help each other out. The IR network system allowed the classroom to become completely paperless. Without the hassle of handouts, research papers, and paper tests, the professor could concentrate on the information being learned by his students.

Preventing Falls in the Elderly

Preventing Falls in the Elderly Natalie StJohn University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville As health care becomes more sophisticated and better, other concerns are starting to surface. Such interests that started as mere nuisances are now becoming the focal point of involvement that aims to correct and improve the welfare of individuals. One such clinical concern is the phenomenon of falls, especially with the older population.Falling in elderly individuals is a significant, yet under-recognized and underestimated public health concern (Woolcott et al. , 2009). About 30% of people over 65 years old and living in their respective communities fall annually, with such figures even higher in health institutions and about a fifth of such incidents requires medical attention (Gillespie, Gillespie, Robertson, Lamb, Cumming, & Rowe, 2009).In a one year follow-up study of persons aged 75 years and above living in the community, about one-third reported at least one incident of fall (Tinetti, Speechley, & Ginter, 1988), with a higher annual fall risk of up to 50%, occurred in the oldest population or with the individuals living in nursing homes, with the consequences of injuries and fractures because of falls (like mortality, hospitalization, disability and institutionalization) rise as with the age (Berdot et al. , 2009).The estimated costs associated with falls and fall-related complications are at billions of dollars worldwide (Scuffham, Chaplin, & Legood, 2003; Lewin Group, 2000; Smartrisk Foundation, 2009). Hence, research regarding the factors why elder people fall becomes all the more necessary (Woolcott et al. , 2009). There are several reasons why people fall. Fall risk is multifactoral in nature, with risk factors being intrinsic and extrinsic (Graafmans et al. , 1996). The most common reasons are uncontrolled hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and use or inappropriate use of certain medications (Gangavati et al. 2011); Woolcott et al. , 2009; Be rdot et al. , 2009). With regards to hypertension and systolic orthostatic hypertension, older individuals suffering from such conditions are at greater risk for falls within a year (Gangavatti et al. , 2011). The study also noted that older patients with their hypertension controlled have no effect with regards to falls (Gangavatti et al. , 2011). The older populations with an increase use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and sedatives have a larger and increase chances of falls with elderly persons (Woolcott et al. 2009). This marked increase is most due to the long-lasting effects of benzodiazepines as well as inappropriate psychotropics, and since these medications have anticholinergic properties (Berdot et al. , 2009). There are several ways to mitigate, lessen, or even prevent the chances of the elder population from falling. Interventions with multidisciplinary properties are proven effective in minimizing fall incidents, as well as muscle strengthening balance retraining prescribed at home and assisted by a trained health professional (Gillespie et al. 2009). Tai Chi is also another effective alternative intervention for mitigating falls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). For those with a history of falling, home hazard assessment and modification by a healthcare professional could also minimize chances of falls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Cardiac pacing for individuals with high risk of falls due to cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity also has a high chance of being beneficial, as is the withdrawal of psychotropic medications (Gillespie et al. , 2009).Studies have also shown that individually tailored interventions delivered by healthcare professionals are more effective than standard or group delivered programs (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Falls is a highly preventable, yet still highly prevalent cause of injury and even mortality with the elderly. The abovementioned interventions could help in minimizing its detrimental effects. Ref erence: Berdot, S. , Bertrand, M. , Dartigues, J. F. , Fourrier, A. , Tavernier, B. , Ritchie, K. , & Alperovitch, A. , (2009). Inappropriate Medication Use and Risk of Falls-A Prospective Study in a Large Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort.BMC Geriatrics, 9(30). doi:10. 1186/1471-2318-9-30. Lewin Group (2000). Estimated savings from falls prevented by targeted home modifications. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Gangavati, A. , Hajjar, I. , Quach, L. , Jones, R. , Kiely, D. , Gagnon, P. , & Lipsitz, L. (2011). Hypertension, Orthostatic Hypotension, and the Risk of Falls in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: The Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 59(3), 383-389. doi:  Ã‚  10. 1111/j. 1532-5415. 2011. 03317. x Gillespie, L. D. , Gillespie, W. J. , Robertson, M.C. , Lamb, S. E. , Cumming, R. G. , & Rowe, B. H. (2009). Interventions for preventing falls in elderly peo ple. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). DOI:  10. 1002/14651858. CD000340. Graafmans,  WC. , Ooms,  M. E. , Hofstee, H. M. , Bezemer,  P. D. , Bouter,  L. M. , & Lips, P. (1996). Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143(11), 1129-  1136. Scuffham P. , Chaplin,  S. , & Legood,  R. (2003). Incidence and costs of unintentional falls in older people in the United Kingdom. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(9) 740-  744. Smartrisk Foundation. 2009). The Economic Burden of Unintentional Injury in Canada. Smartrisk Foundation Website. Retrieved from http://www. smartrisk. ca/researchers/economic_burden_studies/canada. html. Accessed October 20, 2012. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF, (1988). Risk Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons Living in the Community. New England Journal of Medicine,  319,1701-1707. Woolcot, J. , Richardson, K. , Wiens, M. , Patel, B. , Marin, J . , Khan, K. , & Marra, C. (2009). Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 Medication Classes on Falls in Elderly Persons. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(21), 1952-1960. doi:10. 1001/archinternmed. 2009. 357.

The Renaissance and the Harlem Renassance

The Renaissance and the Harlem Renaissance: A Comparison and Contrast The Renaissance Period of the 14th-16th century was a time of change and growth in the world of art. All art forms experienced progress not only in terms of the human aspect of imagination, creativity and philosophy, but also in terms of progress in available technologies and available materials and tools. The Harlem Renaissance of the sass's and ass's was similarly a time of change in the human condition as well as technique and subject matter. The medium of visual art, particularly painting, of both periods provides a fascinating study of comparison and contrasts.The Renaissance was a time of prolific production of paintings, many that are now considered masterpieces. At the beginning of the 14th century a change occurred regarding the philosophy behind art. The emergence of the Renaissance Humanist movement and its focus on the human condition separate from the church gave way to a vast array of previously unuse d, and in some cases, taboo subject matter. There was also a revival of interest in the Greek and Roman culture, their myths and legends and the beauty of their structures and cities (Renaissance Art, 2013).During the Harlem Renaissance there was a growing movement of independence in the African American art community. Prior to this time, there were African American artists, however there subject matter had been primarily depictions of Caucasian people, their lifestyle and culture. During the Harlem Renaissance, at the time called the New Negro Movement, there was a growing emphasis on African traditions and culture, as well as depiction of contemporary African American lifestyle and culture.The most famous painter of the Harlem Renaissance, Aaron Douglas (1899-1979) said â€Å"Our problem is to conceive, develop, establish an art era. Not white art painting black†¦ It's bare our arms and plunge them deep through laughter, through pain, through sorrow, through hope, through di sappointment, into the very depths of the souls of our people and drag forth material crude, rough, neglected. Then let's sing it, dance it, write it, paint it. Let's do the impossible. Let's create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. Spiritually earthy.Dynamic. † (The Making of African American Identity, 2007) This exemplifies the feeling of paintings from the Harlem Renaissance. They convey movement and feeling, bringing the observer into the action of the subject. This differs from the style of painting in the Renaissance. In that they provide a feeling of observation, a â€Å"snapshot† of a particular event or subject. The observer is intrigued by the beauty, the subject, the context and the message, but not inspired to participate as they are when viewing a painting from the Harlem Renaissance.In the latter part of the Middle Ages, paintings were primarily commissioned by the Church and the subject matter was limited to saints and bib lical depictions in strict adherence to church doctrine. The use of Christian imagery and biblical subject tater continued in the Renaissance, however there was a much broader interpretation of the subjects, allowing the artist some license for his personality and beliefs to shine through and to focus on the human condition. Renaissance Art, 2013) The Renaissance works The Glorification of Mary (Botanical, 1481) and San Czarina Altarpiece (Beeline, 1 505) both portray biblical themes, but are not literal interpretations and contain contemporary people and/or images combined with the classic biblical figures. There are paintings from the Harlem Renaissance that portray spiritual and biblical subjects as well. These images are similar to the biblical/spiritual paintings from the Renaissance in that they also are subject to interpretation and are not a literal illustration.For example, Jesus and Three Marry Monsoon, 1939) is a portrayal of the crucifixion of Christ, but is far from the traditional image as portrayed in the Bible and in classical art pieces. The development of using oil paint on canvas and its widespread use revolutionized painting. Prior to this, the techniques were based on plaster, wet or dry, and the use of oil and tempura as binders. These works were primarily done directly on the walls of a structure and were limited to being viewed at the site of heir creation. When oil on canvas began to be used, paintings became portable and as a result more accessible.The Harlem Renaissance did not produce any revolutionary mediums however there was a new emphasis on conveying emotion through the use of color, tone and light and provided relatable art for African Americans as well as giving the world a glimpse of the culture that existed in African American homes and neighborhoods. To compare and contrast the paintings of The Renaissance and the Harlem Renaissance in a direct manner, consider the Renaissance painting The School at Athens (Raphael, 1509) and The Train Station (Elision, 1935).In School Raphael has depicted the more than fifty Greek Philosophers in a great hall, socializing and presumably sharing ideas. The tone is expressed through sharp lines and use of color to give a three dimensional aspect to the piece. This piece is a technical marvel while at the same time providing a commentary on the sharing of ideas and wisdom and conveying the artist respect for the great philosophers Plato and Aristotle as they are the at the center of the piece. In Station, Ellison has relied less on technical perfection and more on the conveyance of movement and simple portrayal of form, almost primitive.However, the primitive painting feel is deceptive, as each person is very expressive and the observer can feel the urgency and movement portrayed by the artist. This painting also provides social commentary by highlighting the exodus of African American's to the North, and portraying the only African American visible on the south bound platform as a servant. The Renaissance of the 14th to 16th provides a legacy of masterpieces in painting, literature, sculpture and philosophy that has effected each subsequent period and is still relevant today. The Harlem Renaissance is similarly influential in today's culture.The music and literature of the Harlem Renaissance have been adopted into mainstream American Culture and are familiar to the populace. The visual art is less known, but still influential. The use and allusion to African symbols and images found in the paintings of the Harlem Renaissance are still found today in contemporary African American art. The bright colors and movement of the Harlem Renaissance pieces depicting African American urban life are easily recognizable and appreciated today (Severely, 2003). Because of the cultural significance of its placement in between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement, the Harlem

Meaning Behind the Phrase to Cross the Rubicon

Meaning Behind the Phrase to Cross the Rubicon To cross the Rubicon is a metaphor which means to take an irrevocable step that commits one to a specific course. When Julius Caesar was about to cross the tiny Rubicon River in 49 B.C.E., he quoted from a play by Menander to say anerriphtho kybos! or let the die be cast in Greek. But what kind of die was Caesar casting and what decision was he making? Before the Roman Empire Before Rome was an Empire, it was a Republic. Julius Caesar was a general of an army of the Republic, based in the north of what is now Northern Italy. He expanded the borders of the Republic into modern France, Spain, and Britain, making him a popular leader. His popularity, however, led to tensions with other powerful Roman leaders. Having successfully led his troops in the north, Julius Caesar became governor of Gaul, part of modern-day France. But his ambitions were not satisfied. He wanted to enter Rome itself at the head of an army. Such as act was forbidden by law. At the Rubicon When Julius Caesar led his troops from Gaul in January of 49 B.C.E., he paused on the northern end of a bridge. As he stood, he debated whether or not to cross the  Rubicon, a river separating  Cisalpine Gaul- the piece of land where Italy joins the mainland and at the time inhabited by Celts- from the Italian peninsula.  When he was making this decision, Caesar was contemplating committing a heinous crime. If Caesar brought his troops from Gaul into Italy, he would be violating his role as a provincial authority and would essentially be declaring himself an enemy of the state and the Senate, fomenting civil war. But if he  didnt  bring his troops into Italy, Caesar would be forced to relinquish his command and likely be forced into exile, giving up his military glory and ending his political future. Caesar definitely debated for a while about what to do. He realized how important his decision was, especially since Rome had already undergone a ​civil dispute  a few decades earlier. According to Suetonius, Caesar quipped, Even yet we may drawback, but once cross yon little bridge, and the whole issue is with the sword.  Plutarch reports that he spent time with his friends estimating the great evils of all mankind which would follow their passage of the river and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.   The Die Is Cast The Roman historian Plutarch reported that at this critical moment of decision Caesar declared in Greek and in a loud voice, let the die be cast! and then led his troops across the river. Plutarch renders the phrase in Latin, of course, as alea iacta est or iacta alea est. A die is simply one of a pair of dice. Even in Roman times, gambling games with dice were popular. Just as it is today, once youve cast (or thrown) the dice, your fate is decided. Even before the dice land, your future has been foretold. Let the die be cast itself is an expression meaning roughly let the game begin, and it comes from a play called Arrhephoros (the Flute Girl), a comedy written by the Greek playwright Menander in the 4th century B.C.E. Menander was one of Caesars favorite dramatists.   When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he started a five-year Roman civil war. At the wars end, Julius Caesar was declared dictator for life. As dictator, Caesar presided over the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire. Upon Julius Caesars death, his adopted son Augustus became Romes first emperor. The Roman Empire started in 31 B.C.E. and lasted until 476 C.E. Therefore, by crossing the Rubicon into Gaul and starting the war, Caesar threw the dice, not only sealing his own political future but effectively ending the Roman Republic and beginning the Roman Empire.

An Introduction to Medical Anthropology

An Introduction to Medical Anthropology Medical anthropology is a field of anthropology focused  on the relationship between health, illness, and culture. Beliefs and practices about health vary across different cultures and are influenced by social, religious, political, historical, and economic factors. Medical anthropologists use anthropological theories and methods to generate unique insights into how different cultural groups around the world experience, interpret, and respond to questions of health, illness, and wellness. Medical anthropologists study a wide array of topics. Specific questions include: How does a particular culture define health or illness?How might a diagnosis or condition be interpreted by different cultures?What are the roles of doctors, shamans, or alternative health practitioners?Why do certain groups experience better or worse health outcomes, or higher prevalence of certain diseases?What is the connect between health, happiness, and stress?How are different conditions stigmatized or even celebrated in specific cultural contexts? In addition, medical anthropologists study the factors that affect or are affected by the distribution of illness, and are also closely attuned to questions of inequality, power, and health. History of the Field Medical anthropology emerged as a formal area of study in the mid-20th  century. Its roots are in cultural anthropology, and it extends that subfield’s focus on social and cultural worlds to topics relating specifically to health, illness, and wellness. Like cultural anthropologists, medical anthropologists typically use ethnography – or ethnographic methods – to conduct research and gather data. Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves full immersion in the community being studied. The ethnographer (i.e., the anthropologist) lives, works, and observes daily life in this distinctive cultural space, which is called the field site. Medical anthropology grew increasingly important after World War II, when anthropologists began to formalize the process of applying ethnographic methods and theories to questions of health around the world. This was a time of widespread international development and humanitarian efforts aimed at bringing modern technologies and resources to countries in the global South. Anthropologists proved particularly useful for health-based initiatives, using their unique skills of cultural analysis to help develop programs tailored to local practices and belief systems. Specific campaigns focused on sanitation, infectious disease control, and nutrition. Key Concepts and Methods Medical anthropology’s approach to ethnography has changed since the field’s early days, thanks in large part to the growth of globalization and the emergence of new communication technologies. While the popular image of anthropologists involves living in remote villages in far-off lands, contemporary anthropologists conduct research in a variety of field sites ranging from urban centers to rural hamlets, and even in social media communities. Some also incorporate quantitative data into their ethnographic work. Some anthropologists now design multi-sited studies, for which they conduct ethnographic fieldwork in different field sites. These might include comparative studies of health care in rural versus urban spaces in the same country, or combine traditional in-person fieldwork living in a particular place with digital research of social media communities. Some anthropologists even work in multiple countries around the world for a single project. Together, these new possibilities for fieldwork and field sites have broadened the scope of anthropological research, enabling scholars to better study life in a globalized world. Medical anthropologists use their evolving methodologies to examine key concepts, including: Health disparities: the differences in the distribution of health outcomes or disease prevalence across groupsGlobal health: the study of health across the globeEthnomedicine:  the comparative study of traditional medicine practices in different culturesCultural relativism:  the theory that all cultures must be considered on their own terms, not as superior or inferior to others. What Do Medical Anthropologists Study? Medical anthropologists work to solve a variety of problems. For instance, some researchers focus on health equity and health disparities, trying to explain why certain communities have better or worse health outcomes than others. Others might ask how a particular health condition, such as Alzheimer’s or schizophrenia, is experienced in localized contexts around the globe. Medical anthropologists can be divided into two general groups: academic and applied. Academic medical anthropologists work within university systems, specializing  in research, writing, and/or teaching. In contrast, applied medical anthropologists often work outside of university settings. They can be found in hospitals, medical schools, public health programs, and in nonprofit or international non-governmental organizations. While academic anthropologists often have more open-ended research agendas, applied practitioners are typically part of a team trying to solve or generate insights into a specific problem or question. Today, key research areas include  medical technologies, genetics and genomics, bioethics, disability studies, health tourism, gender-based violence, infectious disease  outbreaks, substance abuse, and more. Ethical Considerations Both academic and applied anthropologists face similar ethical considerations, which are typically overseen by their universities, funders, or other governing organizations. Institutional review boards were established in the U.S. in the 1970s to ensure ethical compliance for research involving human subjects, which includes most ethnographic projects. Key ethical considerations for medical anthropologists are: Informed consent:  ensuring that research subjects are aware of any risks and consent to participate in the study.Privacy: protecting participants health status, image or likeness, and private information  Confidentiality:  protecting the anonymity (if desired) of a research subject, often by using pseudonymous names for participants and field site locations Medical Anthropology Today The most well-known anthropologist today is Paul Farmer. A physician and an anthropologist, Dr. Farmer teaches at Harvard University and has received widespread acclaim for his work in global health. Other key figures in medical anthropology include Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Arthur Kleinman, Margaret Lock, Byron Good, and Rayna Rapp. The Society for Medical Anthropology is the primary professional organization for medical anthropologists in North America, and is affiliated with the American Anthropological Association. There are scholarly journals devoted solely to medical anthropology, such as Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Medical Anthropology, and the online journal  Medicine Anthropology Theory.  Somatosphere.net  is a popular blog focusing on medical anthropology and related disciplines.  Ã‚   Medical Anthropology Key Takeaways Medical anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the relationship between health, illness, and culture.Medical anthropologists can be divided into two key fields: applied and academic.While medical anthropologists study a wide range of issues and topics, key concepts include health disparities, global health, medical technologies, and bioethics. Sources â€Å"American Anthropological Association Statement on Ethnography and Institutional Review Boards.† American Anthropological Association, 2004.Crossman, Ashley. â€Å"What is Ethnography? What It Is and How To Do It.† ThoughtCo, 2017.Petryna, Adriana. â€Å"Health: Anthropological Aspects.† International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. Elsevier, 2015.Rivkin-Rish, Michele. â€Å"Medical Anthropology.† Oxford Bibliographies, 2014.â€Å"What is Medical Anthropology?† Society for Medical Anthropology.

Have social movements been successful in achieving their objectives in Essay

Have social movements been successful in achieving their objectives in Latin America - Essay Example The good thing about these social revolts is their capacity to bring forward advantages on the part of various social movements which continue to evolve, making them more sophisticated and expert on achieving their objectives. In this paper, the proponent tries to explore significant proofs which substantially points out social movements in Latin America to have been successful in achieving their objectives. The case of Rural Landless Workers Movement The Rural Landless Workers Movement (MST) is a case of how a social movement has been successful in Latin America based on the achievement of its objectives. There are specifically two important points MST has substantially done in order to fulfill its objectives. The first point is its ability to maintain strong level of leadership towards its members. It has become a highly structured group knowing that it involves thousands of members. In groups like this, a modern approach in leadership is necessary in order to unite the team with o nly one vision and goal. Furthermore, MST learned enough the power of taking advantage on achieving allies. As a result, MST was able to combine forces with other social movements in Brazil. The very presence of these various social movements in Brazil alone is a substantial proof that people have seen them as potential tools in achieving objectives through a specific social transformation. All of these proved that social movements in Brazil can be the best and powerful way on how the masses of people substantially can achieve their personal claims in a society where everyone seems to have varying social, political, and economic needs. The (MST) in Brazil, having more than 300,000 members and consisting of 350,000 peasant families, is a highly organised social movement in Latin America with allies in other social movements such as urban Homeless Movement, the Catholic Pastoral Rural (Rural Pastoral Agency), sectors of the trade union movement (CUT), the left-wing of the Workers Part y (PT) and academic faculty and students (Petras, 2009). This social movement is capable of organising effective tactics in allocating land for their thousands of landless rural workers and their families on the lands of giant latifundistas, plus being able to succeed in placing their agrarian reform on the national agenda, and elected â€Å"Lula† Da Silva of the Workers Party in the 2002 presidential elections (Petras, 2009). MST is a picture of a highly sophisticated social movement having been able to penetrate the core foundation of social transformation. Its ability to create a better foundation for its entire movement is a specific proof that it has substantially created a remarkable way on how to obtain its specific objectives. Its ability to organise a large social group of 300,000 members and 350,000 peasant families was enough to create a strong allies with other social movements. What is depicted in this issue is the thought that in Brazil alone, social movements h ave become so widely considered and even have created a powerful force to influence the ongoing social transformation. This is the very reason why MST for instance was substantially able to penetrate and influence

World Finacial Crisis - Impact in the American Economy Term Paper

World Finacial Crisis - Impact in the American Economy - Term Paper Example From the year 2006 the delinquency rate on the home loan has increased and it got severe in the year 2007 because the Federal Reserve has started to increase the interest rates. The house loan where the debtors have to pay floating rate interest they were in problem. So the increase of bad loans led to the failure of the mortgage lenders mainly the banks. Because of the complexity of the financial products the investors and the banks didn’t know the actual size of the losses. As a result the liquidity of the market became less and the lending decrease, as a result the credit crunch has begun. The other reasons for the financial crisis are the borrowing of the households which were beyond their means, poor lending standards taken by the financial institutions, more over the counter transactions, more reliance on short term debts and the credit rating agencies failure to assess the risk. In the era of globalization the financial crisis of world’s strongest economy also af fected the economy of the other countries. In September 2008 Lehmann Brothers was bankrupted and the financial crisis taken place. The report is an attempt to assess the impact on the American economy due to the world financial crisis. This report would find out the GDP growth rate, the changes in the value of dollar, the sector wise impact and the consequent problems caused by the crisis. Growth in the GDP Figure 1: United States GDP Growth Rate Data Source: (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2011) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the representative of the standard of leaving of that particular country and it refers to the value of goods and services produced by the country. The GDP growth of U.S. was affected severely for the financial crisis of 2007-09. The GDP growth has increased 1.9% in the fourth quarter of 2007 from the last quarter. 2008 and 2009, these two years were the two worst years for American economy. In 2008 excluding the 2nd quarter the GDP growth was negat ive throughout the year. In the 4th quarter of 2008 the GDP growth was -9% which was the lowest for a quarter in the period of Economic recession. From the 3rd quarter of 2009 the GDP growth was tend to positive and after that the growth was always positive. This statistics shows that in that time period the economy was not productive at all. All the sectors were affected by the credit crunch situation more or less, as a result the total GDP of the strongest economy declined. The manufacturing industries were unable to get the credit as they get it in the earlier time. The banks and other financial institutions didn’t get the payment from the debtors, so several banks were declared bankrupted, as a result they were unable to issue credit to the business entities when the business organizations are largely depends on debt from the banks. So the productivity of the organizations became less and the GDP growth rate declined. Impact in the Employment Sector Figure 2: The Layoff d ue to the Financial Crisis Data Source: (Auer, Auer and Wehrmuller, 2008) From the above graph it can be said that since the 9/11 the layoffs has risen to the highest level. It can be concluded from the statistics that for the financial crisis not only the GDP of the country declined, the layoff rate also reached to the country’s highest level. The cause of the financial crisis was the disability to pay the debts of the households; as a result the bad debt of the financial institutions has increased. Some financial institu